following are the features of hallucinations from FISH'S PSYCHIATRY and CAMPBELL'S PSYCHIATRY DICTIONARY
1)it is a perception in the absence of stimulus.
2)it is clearly delineated and as vivid as a true sense perception.
3)it is independent of the will of the observer.
4)it occurs in outer objective space (e.g. outside ears in case of auditory hallucination).
5) sensory organs may be involved in subtypes like reflex hallucination and functional hallucinations.
note: if it occurs in inner subjective space (e.g. inside the person's own head in case of auditory hallucinations)=>it is known as PSEUDOHALLUCINATION and in this sensory organs are not involved.
now lets see few questions
ques 1)All of the following are true about hallucinations except?
a)it is as vivid as sense perception.
b)it is independent of the will of the observer.
c)occurs in inner subjective space.
d)it occurs in the absence of perceptual stimulus
this question came in may aiims 09 and the answer is C
ques 2)all are features of hallucinations except?
a)it is independent of will of observer
b)sensory organs are not involved.
c)it is as vivid as that in a true sense perception.
d)it occurs in absence of a perceptual stimulus.
this is ques from allindia 2003 ques no.298
and mudit khanna gives answer as C which is wrong ...correct answer is B since sensory organs may be involved.
for furthur reasoning ,,,,check comments....
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it seems to come from outer objective space but it actually is not so sensory organs are not involved and patient feels it as real so it is vivid i think both statement are correct and sensory organ are actually involved in illusion as a rope is seen as snake by eyes
ReplyDeletei say answer to ques 2 is option B)Sensory organs are not involved - False statement..........how??? read on
ReplyDeleteusually hallucinations are a product of our brain and not of any sensory organs except functional and reflex hallucinations.
In functional hallucination, a sensory stimulus is required in the sensory organ corresponding to the modality where the hallucination is occurring i.e. hearing church bells when telephone is ringing. Here "hearing church bells" is a hallucination and "ringing of the telephone" is the stimulus in the sensory organ (ear in this case) corresponding to the modality in which hallucination is occurring. As the hallucination is precipitated by a specific function of the corresponding sensory organ, it was termed as functional hallucination.
In reflex hallucination, you need a sensory stimulus in any other sensory organ than the one which corresponds to the modality of the hallucination. An example would be - seeing devil when telephone rings. As you can see, this hallucination is in a different modality (visual cortex) than the primary sensory organ receiving the sensory stimulus (ear). As the hallucination is occurring as a reflex to the original stimulus from a different sensory organ, it was termed as reflex hallucination.
Now this leaves us with a dilemma. What could be the right answer? Well, if we look at the question stem again, the question appears to be about all hallucinations. As functional and reflex hallucinations are also types of hallucinations, I would include them while thinking of an answer of this question. Some people might argue that they are "special" type of hallucinations and are quite rare, so it is incorrect on my part to generalize them in context of this simple question. But still I would be inclined to include them in context of this question as I feel the examiner is also testing our knowledge about subtypes of hallucinations through this seemingly innocuous question.
Before looking further, there is another concept that might also give us a reason to believe that this statement in option 2 is incorrect. According to "visual perception theory", a pathology in the sensory organs themselves can give rise to hallucination. And there is evidence to support this theory. In "Charles Bonnet Syndrome", hallucinations are known to arise secondary to blindness, an ocular pathology. Same is true with "musical auditory hallucinations" seen in deaf people. So, now we have another argument in favour of the involvement of the sensory organs in hallucinations.
Including these will obviously make the statement in option 2 an incorrect one. And as the question is about finding a single incorrect statement out of the four, this will be the correct answer!
dude.... Q1 ... IN MY BOOK D OPTION B IS - IT DEPENDS UPON WILL OF OBSERVER...
ReplyDeleteand look at options A,C and D
ReplyDeletethey all are correct
no doubts about them
just read the points which in gave at the start of my post...
all those points are from standard text book references like FISH'S,CAMPBELL, AND NEERAJ AHUJA page 17 6th edition
@gaurav....i agree amit ashish has written that option and says that both b and c are answers...
ReplyDeletebut buddy these ques are recall based
usually there cant be two answers...as both statements are potential answers..
most probably its due to faulty recall
since i saw this ques on websites just after aiims exam and at that time option B was as i mentioned...
anyways you learn the facts well
exam me accordingly you can answer
concepts should be clear
and i have tried my best to give detailed notes on hallucination features
hope that helps
right,that also means illusion can be just similar to fxnal hallucination sorry to ask but wats the diff btween the two
ReplyDeletesanyog asked why functional hallucinations cant be considered illusions.
ReplyDeleteanswer is because illusions are distorted perceptions....actual stimulus will be superimposed by the illusioning stimulus and which will lead to a distorted picture...it will not be vivid.
while functional hallucination will be vivid(clear).the precipitating stimulus will not be heard/perceived....only the hallucination will occur which will by definition,,clear and vivid
hope thats clear
''Illusions are misperceptions that are perceived by most people, and are based on a specific stimulus received under certain conditions''
ReplyDelete''Hallucinations are usually seen by only one individual. Most often they are experienced by people who suffer from specific kinds of mental illness, or who are influenced by drugs or extreme amounts of alcohol''
these are lines from
http://www.sandlotscience.com/EyeonIllusions/whatisanillusion.htm
@sanyog...one very important difference b/w illusions and functional /or any kind of hallucination is that hallucinations are by definition constant while illusions are usually not..
ReplyDeleteyes ticking of clock makes a schizo perceive the voice of god and many sounds functional
Deleteif ticking of clock is perceived as alarm of clock something related to clock sound catch is similarity in illusion
so so far these are surely the features
ReplyDelete1)it is a perception in the absence of stimulus.
2)it is clearly delineated and as vivid as a true sense perception.
3)it is independent of the will of the observer.
4)it occurs in outer objective space (e.g. outside ears in case of auditory hallucination).
5) sensory organs may be involved in subtypes like reflex hallucination and functional hallucinations
6)it is constant
now A REAL TWISTER AGAIN.....ALLINDIA 2002 PSYCHIATRY QUESTION.
all of following are features of hallucination EXCEPT?
a)depends on will of the observer
b)occurs in inner subjective space
c)it is as vivid as sensory perception
d)it occurs in absence of perceptual stimulus
C and D are no doubt the features so ruled out
and regarding option B ,,first read this from campbell's psychiatry
''Hallucination is a false perception characterized by externalization and a continued belief that the experience is a perception of something outside the self rather than an internal thought or image ''
so hallucinations occur in outer space and thus option B is false statement
and option A is obviously false
but now we have to choose between A/B
we will choose A here
by assuming that in option B examiner is talking about PSEUDOHALLUCINATION which occur in inner space....
so best answer is A > B
COMPARE THIS QUESTION WITH THE TWO QUESTIONS I POSTED EARLIER and just see how examiners twist the questions
so its important to be smart enough to look carefully at all the options first and then decide the BEST answer..
thnxxxxxxx a lot
ReplyDeletedr kunal is truly the FATHER OF HALLUCINATIONS. Period.
ReplyDelete